Why should PV enterprises invest in non-operating GS?

GSs, as nonoperating income of PV enterprises, can effectively share the cost of enterprise R&D investment, reduce the negative impact of external spillover effects of innovation achievements, and strengthen the driving force for PV enterprise innovation .

What is the core competitiveness of photovoltaic firms?

As a technology-intensive industry, the core competitiveness of photovoltaic firms is technological innovation capability. Moreover, photovoltaic technology has the characteristics of interdisciplinary , thus, innovation cooperation among photovoltaic firms is especially necessary .

What drives the innovation network dynamics of the photovoltaic industry?

The innovation ability of the actors in the network is one of the driving factors of the innovation network dynamics of the photovoltaic industry. The actors with strong innovation abilities show outstanding performance in innovation resources, internal culture, and management philosophy.

Can innovation reduce the expected income of PV Enterprises?

And the achievements of innovation are easy to be imitated, resulting in the phenomenon of “hitchhiking” and thereby reducing the expected income of PV enterprises.

How is China's photovoltaic industry innovation network evolving?

The proportion of cooperative activities within firm groups has remained above 40% for a long time. Moreover, the leading firms in the industry also play a leading role in the innovation network. Innovation ability and organizational proximity play key roles in the evolution of China's photovoltaic industry innovation network.

Why is China focusing more on solar photovoltaic (PV)?

The solar photovoltaic (PV) power is abundant, clean, and convenient and also has been considered as one of the most promising renewable energies [5, 6]. Due to the ever-increasing energy and environmental pressures, China is switching to focus more on fostering the PV industry.