What is the global installed capacity of water-surface photovoltaics (WSPV)?

The estimated global installed capacity of WSPV is 12.9 GWp by 2021. The recent boom in solar photovoltaics has intensified global competition for land use. Water-surface photovoltaics (WSPV) has also increased globally as an efficient alternative to land-based photovoltaics.

What is fishery & photovoltaics integration (WSPV)?

The “fishery and photovoltaics integration” mode has been actively promoted in China where the aquaculture industry is more developed [ 12 ]. Fig. 5. The WSPV area is counted by elevation (a), population density (b), climate class (c), GHI (d), average annual temperature (e) and average annual wind speed (f).

Can water-surface photovoltaics reduce land-use conflicts?

The development of water-surface photovoltaics (WSPVs) provides an alternative pathway to mitigate land-use conflicts by deploying PV panels on idle water surfaces such as ponds, lakes, and reservoirs [ 2, 11, 12 ].

Are Chinese banks dumping solar panels?

State Chinese banks have provided at least $18 billion in low-interest loans to solar panel manufacturers, as well as other perks like rent-free factories, prompting the Obama administration and E.U. to accuse China of dumping—swamping the market with below-cost goods—which Beijing denies.